【6】Developmental Psychology - Important Figures

 

⭐John Piaget 

  • studied children's cognition
  • believed that children construct their own understanding of the world while interacting with it
  • children have their own reasoning/thought processes; they weren't mini adults
  • schemas changes over time
  • children develop in stages
    • Sports of change -> stability -> cognitive plateau -> next stage




 ⭐Lev Vygotsky

  • children's minds grow with interactions in the social environment
  • emphasized language in development
  • by giving kids new words and mentoring them, they are given scaffolds which they can use to develop higher levels of thinking

                                                                    ⭐Henry and Margaret Harlow
  • attachment comes from bodily contact rather than nourishment
  • 1971 Experiment
    • Baby monkeys were separated from their moms and put in cages with 2 artificial mothers made from wire.
    • One "mom" had a feeding bottle and other was wrapped with a soft cloth.
    • The baby monkeys became more attached to the cloth mom and would cling onto it when anxious.
      • It acted like a "secure base" for them to return to.
    • Conclusion: babies need companionship and caring responsive caregivers. Attachment wasn't formed from the caregiver providing nourishment.

 



⭐Konrad Lorenz

  • studied attachment through imprinting




⭐Mary Ainsworth

  • 1979 Strange Situation Experiment
    • Children are placed in an unfamiliar environment while caregiver leaves and then returns; reactions are then recorded. Babies were either...
    • securely attached - shown by 60%; infant comfortably explores while caregiver's present, would show distress when caregiver leaves, and feels comfort when they return.
    • insecurely attached - demonstrated by either clinging (anxious attachment) or by resisting closeness (avoidant attachment)
  • sensitive + responsive parents = baby with secure attachment
  • insensitive + unresponsive + inconsistent = baby with insecure attachment


⭐Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess

  • stated that there are 3 types of babies:
    • 1) Easy - good-natured, easy to care for, adaptable
    • 2) Difficult - moody and intense, reacts to new situations & people negatively and strongly
    • 3) Slow-to-warm-up - slow to respond to new things and reactions are mild; inactive



⭐Jerome Kagan

  • added a 4th type
    • 4) Shy - timid and inhibited, fears new/strange things



⭐Erik Erikson

  • attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust (sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy)
  • each stage of life has its own psychosocial task (crisis that needs to be solved)


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