[We the Best] AP Psychology

  ⭐Developmental psychology examines our physical, cognitive, and social development across our lifespan. nature (genetic predisposition) v nurture (experiences) continuity and stages - How is development divided? Are there separate stages? stability and change - What traits change or persist through time? Researchers that emphasize... learning - "growth is continuous"  biology - "development is a series of stages and sequences"   Some parts of us change, some don't or are hard to change (social attitudes, coping mechanisms)             (temperament) Some personality traits we exhibit when we're 3 years old can persist as we get older Women are born with all eggs they will ever have. Men create sperm once they hit puberty and will produce more for the rest of their lives. Zygotes enter a stage of rapid cell division and start differentiation . After 10 days  from conception, the germinal stage is completed as the zygote attaches itself to the mother&#

Intro to Memory cognition = thinking/mentally processing concepts, language, concepts etc.; acquiring, organizing, remembering, and building knowledge about the world automatic processing = unconscious processing of well-learned processing effortful processing = actively engaging in processing info with sustained effort shallow processing = has to do with info based on its surface characteristics deep processing = processing info with respect to its meaning metacognition = thinking about thinking; ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how to best accomplish it; being aware of your own thoughts memory = persisted learning over a long period of time; info that can be stored or retrieved Modal Model = splits memory into 3 categories Modal Model created by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin Each type of memory has 4 components: storage capacity duration of code nature of code way by which info is lost Sensory memory = gateway between perception and memory; limited perceiving

⭐Learning  is the lasting change in behavior/mental process as the result of an experience not a simple reflex learning regarding mental processes in much harder to observe and study 2 types: simple and complex Simple Learning Habituation - learning to not respond to a reoccurring stimulus Mere Exposure Effect - a learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed to (ex. a baby with its parents voices) Complex Learning behavior learning - stimuli creates responses Classical Conditioning  - when a previously neutral stimulus is learned to elicit a similar feeling to another stimulus which becomes an involuntary reflex Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning ⭐There are 5 components in classical conditioning unconditioned stimulus  - makes a reflexive response without conditioning or learning  unconditioned response -  from UCS without prior learning conditioned stimulus -  originally neutral, now causes UCR from its UCS conditioned response - elicite

Consciousness - state of being aware of internal and external stimuli Sleep -  decreased levels of physical activity; reduced sensory awareness Wakefulness  - high sensory awareness, thought, and behavior Biological rhythms - cycle of  bodily change that maintains homeostasis in the body   Circadian rhythms -   takes place over 24 hours Sleep regulation  - how the brain switches between sleep and wakefulness Sleep - sleep rebound - when someone falls asleep faster after being sleep deprived; 1 type of homeostatic regulation - can be tracked using EEG (electroencephalography) which measures brain waves - sleep-wake cycles are controlled by the thalamus, hypothalamus, (for slow wave sleep) and the pons (for REM sleep) is regulated by melatonin which is secreted by the pineal gland - regulates and secretes hormones eg. melatonin, luteinizing hormone - stimulates growth and follicles Disruptions of Normal Sleep Jet lag  - when a person's internal circadian rhythm and their enviro