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【3】Biopsychology - Notes

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  ☆  seeks to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior -  ⭐  Each human body is unique - ⭐ Darwin's theory of natural selection         ↪ survival of the fittest - animals that are better suited                 to the environment will pass on their traits Sickle Cells Sickle-cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic condition where some of a person's blood cells have a crescent shape This condition still persists in places like Africa because it grants the carriers resistance and immunity to malaria. Those with 2 of the SCA aren't immune to malaria. Carrier -  has one copy of a gene instead of 2; doesn't necessarily show symptoms of diseases resulting from the gene Genetic Variation  - genetic differences between individuals that contribute to a species' adaptation to its environment Phenotype  - physical characteristics with genetic & environmental factors Genotype -...
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【4】States of Consciousness

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Consciousness - state of being aware of internal and external stimuli Sleep -  decreased levels of physical activity; reduced sensory awareness Wakefulness  - high sensory awareness, thought, and behavior Biological rhythms - cycle of  bodily change that maintains homeostasis in the body   Circadian rhythms -   takes place over 24 hours Sleep regulation  - how the brain switches between sleep and wakefulness Sleep - sleep rebound - when someone falls asleep faster after being sleep deprived; 1 type of homeostatic regulation - can be tracked using EEG (electroencephalography) which measures brain waves - sleep-wake cycles are controlled by the thalamus, hypothalamus, (for slow wave sleep) and the pons (for REM sleep) is regulated by melatonin which is secreted by the pineal gland - regulates and secretes hormones eg. melatonin, luteinizing hormone - stimulates growth and follicles Disruptions of Normal Sleep Jet lag  - when a person's in...
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【4】Learning

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⭐Learning  is the lasting change in behavior/mental process as the result of an experience not a simple reflex learning regarding mental processes in much harder to observe and study 2 types: simple and complex Simple Learning Habituation - learning to not respond to a reoccurring stimulus Mere Exposure Effect - a learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed to (ex. a baby with its parents voices) Complex Learning behavior learning - stimuli creates responses Classical Conditioning  - when a previously neutral stimulus is learned to elicit a similar feeling to another stimulus which becomes an involuntary reflex Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning ⭐There are 5 components in classical conditioning unconditioned stimulus  - makes a reflexive response without conditioning or learning  unconditioned response -  from UCS without prior learning conditioned stimulus -  originally neutral, now causes UCR from its UCS ...
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