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【4】States of Consciousness

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Consciousness - state of being aware of internal and external stimuli Sleep -  decreased levels of physical activity; reduced sensory awareness Wakefulness  - high sensory awareness, thought, and behavior Biological rhythms - cycle of  bodily change that maintains homeostasis in the body   Circadian rhythms -   takes place over 24 hours Sleep regulation  - how the brain switches between sleep and wakefulness Sleep - sleep rebound - when someone falls asleep faster after being sleep deprived; 1 type of homeostatic regulation - can be tracked using EEG (electroencephalography) which measures brain waves - sleep-wake cycles are controlled by the thalamus, hypothalamus, (for slow wave sleep) and the pons (for REM sleep) is regulated by melatonin which is secreted by the pineal gland - regulates and secretes hormones eg. melatonin, luteinizing hormone - stimulates growth and follicles Disruptions of Normal Sleep Jet lag  - when a person's in...
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【3】Biopsychology - Important Figures

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Phineas Gage (1823-1860) Had an accident as a railroad foreman when has was 25 on September 13, 1848 that caused a iron rod to lodge into his head while blasting it down a hole to clear out rocks. Despite this, he was still able to stand, walk, and speak after this incident. In the proceeding months, his behavior changed drastically, changing from a mild soft-spoken man to a violent and odd one that would behave inappropriately. Lost impulse control, a frontal lobe function. It is possible that more than just that part of the brain was impacted.   Henry Molaison (1927-2008) Had a brain surgery in 1953 to treat his case of severe seizures when he was 27. His hippocampus and amygdala were removed from his brain. Although the surgery lessened the severity of his seizures, he was unable to form new memories. Includes things like remembering faces and events that just occurred. However, he could still learn new skills, even though he had no conscious memories of learning them.
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【4】Learning

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⭐Learning  is the lasting change in behavior/mental process as the result of an experience not a simple reflex learning regarding mental processes in much harder to observe and study 2 types: simple and complex Simple Learning Habituation - learning to not respond to a reoccurring stimulus Mere Exposure Effect - a learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed to (ex. a baby with its parents voices) Complex Learning behavior learning - stimuli creates responses Classical Conditioning  - when a previously neutral stimulus is learned to elicit a similar feeling to another stimulus which becomes an involuntary reflex Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning ⭐There are 5 components in classical conditioning unconditioned stimulus  - makes a reflexive response without conditioning or learning  unconditioned response -  from UCS without prior learning conditioned stimulus -  originally neutral, now causes UCR from its UCS ...
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