[We the Best] AP Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt ⭐ Voluntarism   ⭐ Established psychology as a science and an academic discipline. Believed that our consciousness shapes are conscious experience. Experimented with introspection by measuring his participants' reactions time to stimuli eg. light, images, and sounds inside an empty room. Edward  Titchener ⭐  Structuralism   ⭐ Developed the field of structuralism. Student of Wilhelm Wundt.  Focused on mental process rather than their function. William James ⭐ Functionalism   ⭐ Views on psychology are heavily influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution. The 1st American psychologist. Included studying objective and measurable topics in psychology like physiology, anatomy and mental activities. B.F. Skinner ⭐  Behaviorism   ⭐ Skinner's Box - experiment in testing behaviors using operant conditioning. Doing a certain action that gives a reward is likely to be repeated while doing another action that punishes the subject are unlikely to be repeated. Believed that our

☆ Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and is based on measurable data. Scientific Method hypothesis - explanation that might explain a phenomenon. Hypotheses should always be broad explanations for some aspect of the natural world that can be consistently supported with evidence over time.      Ex) a bird sings when it's happy -> a bird sings to attract mates Results from the experiment of the hypothesis must be reproduceable  to be valid . -> published / presented to research conferences so others can replicate and build on the results. Theory - hypothesis that has been reproduced successfully multiple times; the best explanation available currently Science can't give knowledge about values and morals. It's limited because thoughts are neither matter nor energy which are quantifiable things. Structuralism         ---> Key Figures: Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener Psychology became an academic discipline in the 1800s. Before it was considered a science,

  Source: Openstax Psychology 2ed. American Psychological Association = (APA) the largest organization of psychologists in the U.S. with over 122k members. Behaviorism = describes behavior as something that comes form an external sources (the environment) and not necessarily from an internal one (the mind). Biopsychology = incorporates knowledge of biology in the study of psychology Biopsychological model = states that health is determined by a combination of psychological, biological, and social-environmental factors. Clinical psychology = deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders and problematic behaviors. Cognitive psychology = is the study of mental processes eg. memory, reasoning, problem solving. Counseling psychology = focuses on helping people with emotional, physical, and mental health issues and help them cope during crises. Developmental psychology = the field that analyzes how a person's mind changes as they get older. Dissertation = a long research